Abstract Background Previous studies have predominantly focused on smartphone overdependence among adolescents and young adults. However. as smartphone usage has recently surged among South Korean middle-aged and older adults. the risk of smartphone overdependence cannot be overlooked among this population. https://www.ivoryjinelle.com/amazing-offer-Ohio-University-Ohio-Bobcats-iPhone-13-Pro-Max-Impact-Case-p22134-limited-grab/