The injection-production ratio of ultralow-permeability reservoirs is generally higher in the early stage of development because of the water absorption characteristics of transition layers and mudstone formations. In this paper. the water absorption characteristics of mudstone are experimentally studied. and the empirical function of the water absorption process is established. https://www.roneverhart.com/1915-Old-Taylor-Bourbon-Bottled-1933-Prohibition-Bottling-Quart-low-fill/